Step 1 Exam Name* First Last Email* HOW YOUR VOICE WORKSTHE RESPIRATION, PHONATION, AND RESONATION SYSTEMS1. ___ is the study of the body and ___ is the study of how the systems in the body work.* anatomy; physiology physiology; anatomy medicine; function 2. Some singers are ___ based; they are mostly concerned with what feels right. However, others may be interested in knowing some of the science behind the marvelously designed system of vocal production.* sensation imagery pragmatically 3. We will begin by learning about the singing voice as a ___, made up of various ___ that must all work cooperatively together.* instrument; functions whole; body parts system; components 4. The system of the voice consists of three components: _____ (air, or energy source), ____ (the vibrator or oscillator) and ___ (a filtering and selective reinforcement system).* resonation, phonation, respiration respiration, phonation, and resonation breathing, valving, filtering 5. The _____, ____, the internal and external ____ muscles, the internal and external ____ muscles and the ___ are our main focus in singing.* diaphragm, transversus abdominis, oblique, intercostal rectus abdominis, diaphragm, intercoastal, ribcage, abdomen breathing, respiration, core, ribcage, thorax 6. ____ is produced in the larynx, which houses the vocal folds. Air pressure causes the vocal folds to vibrate as air is moved out of the lungs by the coordinated action of the _____, ____, and ____. As the vocal folds rapidly open and close they change air or ____ energy into ____ energy.* phonation; diaphragm, ribcage, respiratory muscles; aerodynamic, acoustic sound; diaphragm, ribcage, breathing muscles; acoustic, aerodynamic voice; diaphragm, ribcage, respiratory muscles; aerodynamic, acoustic 7. A soft, buzz-like ____ along with various ___ are produced at the vocal fold level and are subsequently filtered, selectively reinforced, and enhanced in the ____.* fundamental frequency, partials, vocal tract basic pitch, harmonics, vocal tract overtone series, harmonics, throat 8. ____ occurs in the vocal tract- the pharyngeal (throat) and oral (mouth) cavities. This is where the sound is filtered. This is also where ___ happens.* resonation; articulation phonation; resonation individualization; phonation 9. ____ is the shaping of the ___ by various positions of the ____ .* resonation, vocal tract, articulators a, vowels, lips and tongue phonation, sound mouth 10. The lips, teeth, tongue, soft palate, and hard palate are referred to as articulators because they ____ the sound, creating ____ and _____.* modify, vowels, consonants interrupt, hard consonants, soft consonants amplify, dynamics, resonance 11. The ____ system is also called the generator, or power source.* phonation respiration respiration 12. Behind the base of the tongue are two tubes: the _____, the ____ tube descending into the lungs, and the ____, the ____ tube descending into the stomach.* trachea, air; esophagus, food esophagus, air; trachea, food bronchioles, air, esophagus, food 13. Air forced out of the ____ creates ____ and ___ that initiate vocal fold opening and closing.* alveoli, airflow, subglottal air pressure lungs, air pressure, vibration vocal tract, sound, articulation 14. To begin respiration, air is inhaled through ____ (open) vocal folds, traveling down the trachea to the lungs.* adducted abducted inducted 15. The vocal folds are abducted (open) for inhalation, forming a ‘V’ shape. The space between the vocal folds is known as the ____.* epiglottis glottis trachea 16. For singing it is preferable to inhale air through both the ___ and the ___simultaneously and __; a noisy breath indicates ____.* nose and mouth, silently; throat tension nose and mouth, quickly, resistance nose and mouth, energetically, emotion 17. A breath that is inhaled primarily through the nose tends to be ___ and ___.* noisy, slow inadequate, distracting both of the above 18. During inhalation, the ____, a small leaf shaped cartilage suspended over the ____, lifts up in order to allow air to pass through.* arytenoid, trachea thyroid, cricoid epiglottis, trachea 19. The ____ closes over the _____ when we swallow to prevent food and liquid from entering the ____.* epiglottis, trachea, esophagus epiglottis, trachea, lungs arytenoid, glottis, trachea 20. it is impossible to "sing from the diaphragm"; the diaphragm is incapable of creating ___. This is created first by the ___, and then enhanced in the ___.* vibration, lungs, throat sound, vibrating vocal folds, vocal tract energy, larynx, mouth 21. The diaphragm is a flexible ___ attached to the __ on which the bottom of the ___ rest.* organ, thorax, sternum muscle, ribcage, lungs cavity, sternum, stomach 22. When a breath is taken, the ribs ____ and the diaphragm ___, decreasing ___ in the ___ so that air is drawn in.* expand, contracts lowers and flattens, air pressure, thorax lift, raises lifts and bows, air pressure, lungs remain stable, is neutral, space, lungs 23. The diaphragm is part of the ___.* autonomic nervous system phonation system resonation system 24. In singing we exert conscious control (indirectly) over the diaphragm by engaging ___.* appoggio energy focus 25. As we inhale, the external ___ muscles contract, expanding the ribcage. The diaphragm ___, creating more ___ inside the thorax. Because of the increase in volume in the thorax air pressure ___ and air is drawn in; the greater the ____ of a cavity, the lower the resulting air pressure becomes.* intercostal,contracts and lowers,volume (space),lowers,volume breathing, drops and flattens, volume (space), lowers, volume interfering, expands and lowers, volume, (space), lowers, volume 26. The diaphragm works like the piston in your car; when it goes down it draws the air in due to the difference in ___. When it goes up the air is pushed out of the body.* atmospheric air pressure sub glottal air pressure supra glottal air pressure 27. Respiration for singing is called ____, as opposed to the ___ used in most of our daily activities, where airflow and air pressure are not ___.* appoggio, normal respiration, modified active respiration, passive respiration, controlled singer’s breath, diaphragmatic breathing, supported 28. Some singers need more breath support to fuel their vocal system and vocal genre and others need less. This can be ____ driven or based upon the ____ and ____ of the individual singer.* personality, preferences, choices style, development, physiognomy musically, style, volume 29. One objective of vocal technique is to find balance between ____ and ____.* style, health breath pressure, vocal fold adduction both of the above 30. If the vocal sound is breathy, there is not enough ____. If the vocal sound is driven and raspy there is too much ___. If the sound is clear and ringing, with a modicum of projection there is a ___ between air pressure and the focusing or approximating ability of the vocal folds.* closed quotient, breath control, coordination vocal fold adduction, air pressure, balance breath pressure, glottal closure, balance 31. Closed quotient is the amount of time the vocal folds remain ____ in the cycle of opening and closing known as vocal fold ____. Higher closed quotient means greater ____ air pressure.* near, closure, glottal apart, cycle, supra glottal together, vibration, subglottal 32. During inhalation for singing, the abdominal muscles should ___ and you should see an ____around the middle of the torso, including the ____, waistline, bottom ribs, and lower back. You might see a small tummy bulge forward when you are breathing correctly; as the diaphragm lowers it displaces the internal ___ slightly.* tighten, expansion, abdomen, organs relax, expansion, epigastrium, viscera engage, firming, ribcage, organs 33. When inhaling, the main area to focus on is the ____of the ____. Expansion of the lower ribcage, epigastrium, waistline, abdomen, and back is known as the ___.* abdominal expansion, stomach, correct breath lateral expansion, lower ribcage, 360 degree Singers Breath epigastric expansion, abdominals, 360 degree Singers Breat 34. During phonation (exhalation), singers engage muscular resistance to slow the rate of ____.* the return of the diaphragm to a dome-like position torso collapse both of the above 35. ____ interaction between the muscles of inspiration and the muscles of expiration with appoggio prevents excessive subglottic pressure and delays the ascent of the diaphragm, providing steady and minimal airflow to the vocal folds.* cooperative antagonistic pugilistic 36. This is what is really meant when a singer or teacher speaks of singing "from the diaphragm"- they are actually referring to controlling and delaying the rate of ____ by incorporating assistance from the ____ and ____ muscles to delay the collapse of the ribcage, thus keeping the body in the position of inhalation longer.* ribcage collapse, extrinsic, intrinsic diaphragmatic ascent, intercostal, lateral abdominal breath loss, support, rectus abdominis 37. A challenge in appoggio is energizing the appropriate abdominal muscles, while maintaining complete ____ of the extrinsic swallowing muscles.* relaxation engagement phonation 38. The muscles involved in active respiration include:* transversus abdominis, oblique, intercostal transversal abdominis, intercoastal, oblique rectus abdomenis, thyroarytenoid, oblique 39. The term intercostal means between the ____.* east and west coast ribs bones 40. During active respiration for singing, the ____ intercostals expand the ___ during ____. The ____intercostals are more active during ____.* external, ribcage, inhalation, internal, exhalation internal, thorax, breathing, external, exhalation lateral, back ribs, inspiration, internal, phonation 41. These two sets of muscles work like a ___, drawing air in and then expelling it.* bellows piston air conditioner 42. The most extreme vocal fold closure known as the ____, is performed by an opposed forceful grunt against a closed glottis while ____. This creates far too much breath pressure for singing.* valsalva maneuver, holding the breath valving maneuver, exhaling valdosta maneuver, grunting 43. The TVA, also known as the transversus abdominus, transversus abdominis, transversalis muscle, or transverse abdominal muscles, are a deep muscle layer of the anterior and lateral (front and side) abdominal wall known as our natural _____.* girdle corset support 44. The ___ muscles are the six-pack (actually an eight pack)- a sheath of muscles seen on a very fit and lean person. We don't use these muscles in singing, except at the end of a very long phrase, when we are running out of air.* intercostal rectus abdominis transversus abdominis 45. The rectus abdominis muscles should be ___ during inhalation for singing.* firm lifted relaxed 46. Breath management is the ____ of good singing; that is why it is Step One of the Eight Steps of Vocal Development. Equally important, however, is what occurs ___, ____ and ___.* antithesis; diaphragmatically, vibrationally, harmonically foundation; subglottally, glottally, and supraglottally alpa and omega; sensationally, emotionally, vibrationally 47. Too much of a good thing is no longer a good thing; if air pressure is too high, the vocal folds are not able to function effectively and there is increased risk of vocal fold ___. However, breath management/ appoggio and ___ are worlds apart.* trauma; pushing disfunction; forcing abuse; passive respiration 48. Good singing is a balance of ___ and ____; the emphasis here is on ____. To sing louder we must increase ____, glottal closure, (vocal fold adduction) and __. This ability is developed over time with vocal training.* resonance and placement; placement; dynamics, fold closure, vibrato air and muscle; balance; air pressure, glottal closure, closed quotient inspiration and expiration; support, volume, breath pressure, resonance 49. When working on breath management exercises, remember your ___. Most beginning students (Undeveloped and Unbalanced/ Light Lower category) will need to ___ breath pressure to some degree; they sing too softly, breathily, and passively, with no connection to the lower body.* personality; develop vocal category; increase tendencies; increase 50. Singers in the Unbalanced/Pulled Lower category often need to ___ abdominal wall engagement and ___breath pressure by singing at a more __ volume.* relax, decrease, moderate increase, improve, energetic lift, moderate, relaxed 51. If air pressure and glottal closure are too high (____) the resulting sound is overdriven and raspy. If air pressure and vocal fold adduction are too low (_____), the sound will be anemic and breathy. If the balance of air pressure and glottal closure are just right the sound is clear and strong but not forced.* pressed, abducted hyper-adduction, hypo-adduction hypo-adduction, hyper-adduction 52. Breath management is vitally important in order to: a) Create adequate and appropriate ____ for higher and dynamically intense pitches. b) Sing long ____. c) Avoid squeezing ___ to increase volume. d) Create an even ___.* a)breath pressure b)phrases c)extrinsic muscles d)vibrato a)support b)sections c)intrinsic muscles d) vocal line a)power b)rehearsals c)the abdominals d)airflow 53. Breath support requires the correct balance of “air” (meaning ____) and “muscle” (referring to _____,* support, abdominals breath pressure, vocal folds inhalation, abduction 54. The vocal folds are actually _____, ____, and ____,* mucus membrane, ligament; paired muscles CT muscles, epithelium, TA muscles vibrators, oscillators, generators 55. The most important muscles are the TA (thyroarytenoid) muscles that ___ the folds, the LCA, (lateral cricoarytenoid) muscles and IA (interarytenoid) muscles that ___ the folds, and the CT (cricothyroid) muscles that ____ the folds for higher pitches.* thicken, adduct, lengthen adduct, lengthen, thicken lengthen, thicken, adduct 56. Higher and louder pitches require increased subglottal _____ which not the same as increasing ___; this must be balanced with adequate fold ____.* airflow, breath pressure, abduction breath pressure, airflow, adduction lung pressure, breath pressure, resistance 57. Pushing air, particularly at high dynamic levels, is one sure path to vocal ____.* abuse trauma deterioration all of the above 58. The appoggio muscles are those that engage slightly when we perform ____ exercises such as straw phonation or the lip roll, when we cough or sneeze, or when we blow up a balloon.* semi occluded adduction easy call 59. The phases of the breath cycle for singing are:* relaxed low inhalation, suspend and firm, extended exhalation breathe out, breathe in, phonation inhalation, phonation, resonation 60. When inhaling, the sternum (breastbone.- the center of the chest) and chest must be comfortably ___ to create room for the ribs to ____.* relaxed, drop elevated, open high, expand 61. When singing, inhalation should be ___; the vocal folds should be relaxed and there should be no __ in the tongue and neck muscles.* silent, tension quick, movement slow, movement 62. A caveat: our first breathing exercises use a noisy ____ the ___ breath. This is a ___ device to help a singer experience lower body ___. This will be discontinued by the second or third lesson; we don’t want to encourage permanently noisy inhalation.* inspiration, baby, helpful, firming inhalation, small straw-thick milkshake, temporary, expansion expiration, Farinelli, energizing, energy 63. People who habitually lift the lower abs (dancers, weight lifters, most women) will tend to be ____ breathers; this is ____ breathing and will not provide sufficient air for long phrases.* clavicular, shallow diaphragmatic, inefficient shallow, inefficient 64. Shoulder movement indicates ____ in the neck and the larynx due to engagement of the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles that extend from the ears to the clavicle and sternum. Many singers (and public speakers) attempt to produce stronger sounds by constricting the muscles that surround the _____, creating tension, strained phonation, and a voice that gives out quickly. * tension, neck interference, support support, neck 65. The lateral abdominal muscles should feel firm but not overly-tense, similar to the feel of a firm ____.* peach apple mattress 66. The muscles of inhalation and exhalation are in a state of slight opposition or antagonism, one group working against the other group. The muscles include the inner and outer ___ muscles around the ribcage, the internal and external ____, and the _____. The ____ comes into play only during very long phrases where the abdomen finally comes up and in as the last of the air is used.* intercostal, obliques, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis rectus abdominal, transverses abdominal, obliques, intercostal abdominal, ribcage, elevator, clavicular 67. We do NOT initiate support by lifting the ____ or clenching the muscles below the navel. This simply crowds the internal organs.* abdomen chest buttocks 68. Breathiness in singing is an issue of ___; when there is inefficient vocal fold adduction, glottal ___ creates excessive __in the tone.* vocal fold closure, leakage, airiness valving, opening, breathiness both of the above 69. The ____ consonant, ____ through the teeth, is a great way to learn breath management.* sibilant S, hissing fricative F, blowing both of the above 70. Start each practice session with some _____ and _____ work. Always place your hands on your waist, thumbs to the back over the lower ribs to monitor ____ during inhalation.* breath management, posture, expansion visualization, imagery, breathing focusing, strengthening, inhalation 71. Though we start with a loud hiss in Round One of Steps One, Two, and Three to encourage a connection to the muscles of ___, in Round Three of Step One you will perform the ____, a more advanced exercise that requires a ___ inhale and ___ exhale to a count of 20. THIS EXERCISE IS MORE REPRESENTATIVE OF WHAT OCCURS IN GOOD ___; THE AIRFLOW IS ___ AND ___.* appoggio, slow leak, silent, extended, vocalization, minimal, controlled breath support, Farinelli, quick, long, singing, strong, powerful breath management, slow leak, fast, extended, vocalization, minimal, controlled 72. Roll your shoulders up to the ears, back, around and down to make sure the ____ is high enough for adequate lung expansion. Make sure to watch yourself in the mirror for correct posture and 360-Degree expansion during inhalation.* sternum chest both of the above 73. If posture is not aligned, singers tend to use incorrect ____ to compensate.* muscles tension both of the above 74. If your chest caves in while singing or your shoulders are hunched forward:* watch in the mirror roll the shoulders up to the ears, around and back both of the above 75. Make sure the jaw and chin are:* slightly back relaxed both of the above 76. Always use the __ to encourage good appoggio.* SLaS breathing belt Step One exercises both of the above TOOLS FOR TRAINING VOICES - IPA 77. The (I)nternational (P)honetic (A)lphabet ensures ____ in sound production in all languages. IPA is a way of standardizing the written representation of vowel and consonant sounds that allows us to be specific about the sounds we are using.* consistency precision both of the above 78. Please select the IPA for the vowel in the word: AT* a æ ɑ 79. Please select the IPA for the vowel in the word: END* e ɛ ɜ 80. Please select the IPA for the vowel in the word: GOOD* u ʌ ʊ 81. Please select the IPA for the vowel in the word: GUN* ⱱ v ʌ 82. Please select the IPA for the vowel in the word: SEEM* ɪ i ɨ 83. Please select the IPA for the vowel in the word: BIN* ɪ i ɨ 84. Please select the IPA for the vowel in the word: BURN (UR)* ɘ ɝ ɞ 85. Please select the IPA for the consonant in the word: AZURE (Z)* z ʒ ʃ 86. Please select the IPA for the consonants in the word: SHOE (SH)* s ʃ ʂ 87. Please select the IPA for the consonants in the word: THIN (TH)* θ ʘ ø 88. Please select the IPA for the consonants in the word: THEN (TH)* ø ɸ ð 89. Please select the IPA for the consonants in the word: SING (NG)* ɲ ɲ ŋ 90. Please select the IPA for the consonants in the word: CANYON (NY)* ɲ ŋ ɴ 91. Please select the IPA for the consonants in the word: JUDGE (DG)* ɮ ʝ ʤ 92. Please select the IPA for the consonants in the word: CHURCH (CH)* ç ʛ ʧ LEARNING THE STEPBREATH MANAGEMENT AND APPOGGIO93. You are singing incorrectly if your voice sounds: raspy, pressed, driven, tired, hoarse. These conditions result from excessive ___ and _____of the vocal folds.* air pressure, hyper-adduction volume, over-compression both of the above 94. You are singing incorrectly if your vocal quality is _____, ____, _____. The voice sounds: airy, soft, and lacks energy and power.* breathy, weak, anemic lacking in harmonics, airy, timid both of the above 95. It's important to distinguish between ___ and ___. Singing should be energized but not forced. We call this ___. Muscular ___ is the enemy of good singing.* muscle tension, energy; flexible strength, tension power, forcing, energized support, stiffness yelling, singing, easy call, tightness 96. On the other hand, passive, timid, and lazy singing won’t get the job done either. The motto is: _____.* Consequences follow actions. Don’t over do it. Just enough and not too much. 97. OBJECTIVES OF STEP ONE- The singer connects with the energy of the body and learns the basic tenets of ____ and ____.* support, breathing projection, support breath management, appoggio 98. Correct inhalation is a low _____ that expands the body in a ___ to the front, sides, and back.* breath, circular low expansion Inhalation, expanded rib cage expansion, 360-degree circle 100. Delaying the ___ of the expanded torso while singing to delay the ascent of the diaphragm and control airflow is known as ___.* descent, support collapse, support collapse, appoggio 101. Breath management consists of three segments:* 1. relaxed low expansion 2. suspend and firm 3. delay the collapse of the ribcage 1. lift the tummy 2. expand the ribs 3. chest held high 1. inhale loudly, 2. push the abs out 3. squeeze the buttocks 102. The sequence of breathing exercises is:_____ breathing to expand the epigastrium, ______ expansion to expand the ribcage, _____ heat hiss for appoggio, ____wake up routine for appoggio, slow _____with silent ____ for advanced breathing,* silent, low, loud, support, hiss, intake floor, book, loud, slow, inhale, breath baby, standing, steam, appoggio, leak, inhale CommentsThis field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Δ YOU can Sing Like a Star Table of Contents
