Step 2 Exam Name* First Last Email* HOW YOUR VOICE WORKS1. The voice is a system made up of the ___, __, and ___ sub-systems.* respiration, phonation and vibration respiration, resonation and breathing respiration, phonation and resonation 2. The vocal folds are part of the ___ system, also known as the “vibrator”.* resonation vibration phonation 3. The phonation component of the voice system is comprised of the vocal folds, made up of _____, ____, and ____, and of the larynx (pronounced LAIR-INX, not LAIR-NIX), a housing structure for the vocal folds, which is made of ____ and _____.* muscle, ligament, and mucosa; cartilage and muscle cords, ligament, mucus; bone and cartilage ligament, cartilage, and mucus; muscle and bone 4. 1. The vocal folds, often referred to as vocal cords, sometimes incorrectly spelled as vocal chords, are, attached to the ____ cartilage in front and to the ___ cartilages at the back. When we inhale they open in a V-shape with the wide part of the V at the _____.* cricoid, thyroid, front arytenoid, cricoid, back thyroid, arytenoid, back 5. The vocal folds are comprised of three layers; the first two layers together make up the ___, the loose structure most involved in vocal fold ___ ; this type of tissue needs to be ___ to be healthy.* mucosa, vibration, moist ligament, closure, exercised body, adduction, approximated 6. The outermost structure of the mucosa contains the ___, which is similar to the layered and scale-like loose skin on the back of the hand.* epithelium ligament mucosa 7. The third layer is known as the vocal ___, made up of the intermediate lamina propria and the deep lamina propria. This layer provides vocal fold elasticity and tension.* ligament epithelium mucosa 8. The inner layer is known as the ___ and is comprised of the ___ and ___ muscles. It helps to close the ___ and regulate tension during speaking or singing.* body, TA and vocalis, glottis vocalis, TA and CT, vocal folds body, TA and vocalis, glottis. 9. The intrinsic muscles are those within and around the ___.* vocal folds adams apple larynx 10. The vocal folds are open or ___ for inhalation; When we speak or sing the folds should ___ or come together.* apart, close adducted, abduct abducted, adduct 11. The thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles _____, _____, and ____ the vocal folds.* adduct, shorten, and thicken close, lengthen, and thin abduct, shorten, and thicken 12. The CT or cricothyroid muscles ___ the vocal folds by tilting the ____ cartilage downward.* stretch, cricoid elongate, thyroid shorten, thyroid 13. The IA (interarytenoid) muscle draws the ___ cartilages together, bringing the vocal folds to the midline.* cricoid arytenoid thyroid 14. The LCA (lateral cricoarytenoid) muscles rotate the arytenoid cartilages, assisting the process of vocal fold adduction by creating ___ compression.* longitudinal midline medial 15. The PCA (posterior cricoarytenoid) muscles ___ or ___ the folds.* abduct or open adduct or close lengthen or tense 16. ___ is the relationship between the amount of time the folds remain closed and the amount of time they are open during the vibrational cycle, usually expressed as percentage.* adducted quotient open quotient closed quotient 17. Onset refers to the manner in which phonation is ____.* ended initiated produced 18. Inadequate vocal fold closure produces a breathy voice due to excessive airflow through the ___.* larynx glottis ligaments 19. To counteract inadequate fold closure, we use adducted onset or ___; voiced-stop consonants like ___; the ___ exercises, and the ___ exercises.* hold, Z, V, F, fricative, long scale SOVT, S, Q, T, adduction, release coup-de-glotte; G, B, D; creak; staccato 20. During efficient vocal production, the ___ and ____ muscles cause the arytenoid cartilages to approximate, swivel, and rotate, bringing the vocal folds to the midline.* TA and CT LCA and IA TA and Vocalis 21. In the lower register, the vocal folds are thicker and shorter due to thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle activity. As they contract, the ____ muscles bulge the fold body outward into the ____.* LCA, glottis IA, larynx TA, glottis 22. To sing higher pitches, the ____ muscles lengthen the folds and make them tauter by tilting the ___ cartilage forward and down.* thyroarytenid (TA), cricoid cricothyroid (CT), thyroid lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), arytenoid 23. A singer who extends the lower register beyond the first bridge with excessive breath pressure then flips to falsetto is in the ___ category.* Unbalanced- Light Lower Unbalanced-Pulled Lower Undeveloped 24. Changing pitch involves changing the rate at which the glottal wave repeats as a result of the ever-shifting changes in the ___ and ____ of the vocal folds.* length and tension depth and tautness flexibility and thickness 25. Vocal range is determined primarily by the size of the vocal folds. The longer the potential extended length of the vocal folds, the ___ the potential range.* higher lower stronger 26. The continually repeated cycle of opening and closing of the vocal folds is known as the ___; this converts airflow into an ___ signal.* vibration rate, aerodynamic vibratory cycle, acoustic vibratory repetition, Hertz TOOLS FOR TRAINING VOICESCONSONANTS27. A consonant is a sound articulated by either complete or partial closure of the ___. Articulation for consonants is achieved primarily by the __ and ___.* adams apple, tongue and teeth vocal folds, jaw and mandible vocal tract, lips and tongue 28. ____ in singing is improved with crisp consonant pronunciation.* articulation diction pronunciation 29. Consonants that create the most obstruction (voiced-stop consonants like G, B, D) are helpful in counteracting ____ singing. Consonants that create the least obstruction (voiceless fricatives like H and WH) are helpful in counteracting ____ singing.* breathy, strained soft, pushed anemic, forced 30. Consonants govern _____ in singing and speech; they can increase, reduce, or stop _____. This affects vocal fold _____ and vocal tone.* diction, diction, closure flow phonation, flow phonation, abduction airflow, airflow, adduction 31. The voiceless consonants such as S, SH [ʃ], and H are _____ and encourage airflow. For singers who strain (Unbalanced-Pulled Lower), substitute these consonants to encourage ____.* voiced, release unvoiced, release aspirate, release 32. Voiced-stop consonants such as G, B, and D interrupt the ___ completely, creating better vocal fold ____.* airflow, adduction phonation, hold diction, power 34. Nasal consonants such as NG, MM, [ŋ] (sing), [ny], onion, as well as fricatives like ZZZ, [Θ] (the), and [ʒ] (azure) help to provide moderate compression and balance between air pressure and vocal fold adduction. These consonants are “____ consonants.” * moderate adduction midline compression friendly compression 35. In addressing vocal ____, we apply an equal and opposite consonant tool to counteract incorrect phonation.* tendencies habits problems All of the above 36. For example, if your voice is breathy and weak, we start with consonants that provide the most vocal fold ____ (glottal closure) such as G,B,D* connection adduction registration 37. Substitution of ___ consonants like ZZZ. for ___ consonants like SSS can help create more consistent adduction and legato.* voiced, voiceless phoned, silent buzzed, aspirate 38. We designed the exercises with consonants that _____ airflow for better fold adduction, consonants that _____ airflow for reinforcing balance, or to counteract strain, by _____ airflow with the voiceless glottal fricative consonants.* interrupt, reduce, increase produce, increase, decrease silence, produce, increase LEARNING THE STEPSTEP TWO OBJECTIVES39. In Step Two, the singer activates and develops TA (thyroarytenoid muscle) dominant lower register singing with appropriate vocal fold adduction, clarity, and ____. (Singing at soft dynamics is a more challenging skill that we will cover in Step Seven).* production energy projection 40. In Step Two, the singer sings with a slightly ___ larynx in the initial exercises, to counteract laryngeal hiking and extrinsic muscle activity.* imposed neutral raised 41. The breathy singer performs ____ exercises, if necessary, to improve vocal fold adduction.* coup-de-glotte SOVT register connection 42. If your category is Unbalanced-Pulled Lower, you won’t need to linger on this step. If your category is Undeveloped or Unbalanced-Light Lower, you will need to work through all the exercises including the ____ exercises.* pharyngeal adducted onset imposed larynx 43. Be sure you stay below the first ____ -don’t take these exercises too high!* bridge transition primo passaggio all of the above 44. The objective for the Undeveloped and Unbalanced- Light Lower category singer is more efficient vocal fold ____ and greater ____ quotient (the amount of time the folds stay closed in the cycle of open/closed). This breathy singer usually needs more energy and increased ______.* phonation, approximated, power vibration, open, release adduction, closed, appoggio 45. ORDER OF PRIORITIES. Activation (Round One- Beginning): The singer sings with projection and clarity in the lower register using a slightly ____ and relaxed larynx with the Easy Call exercises. Some singers will need additional work on vocal fold ____ with the adducted onset exercises.* low, adduction neutral, strength hooty, closure 46. Development (Round Two-Intermediate): We introduce the ____ vibrato for increased strength and balance. Some singers will need additional work on vocal fold adduction with the adducted onset and ___ Voce di Strega (witchy) exercises.* pulse, pharyngeal beginning, imposed bouncy, witchy 47. In Step Two Round Three- Advanced includes the introduction of _____ and ____ Magic of MM exercises for balanced onset.* imposed, moderate compression pharyngeal, creak creak, moderate compression 48. When singing the Easy Call exercises, the larynx should be relaxed and slightly _____; the sound should be clear and ____, rather than breathy or weak.* low, strong neutral, easy high, soft 49. The starting pitch for the Easy Call exercises is ___ for men and ___ for women.* Bb3, Eb4 Bb4, Eb4 G3, G4 50. If your voice is breathy and weak (Undeveloped, or Light Lower) you will also need the adducted onset exercises in addition to the Easy Call exercises. ____ singers do not need adducted onset exercises.* Unbalanced- Light Lower Unbalanced-Pulled Lower Balanced 51. Once you have progressed through the exercises in Rounds One and Two, you are ready for the Moderate Compression Magic of M exercises that encourage a more balanced onset and moderate compression. The Moderate Compression exercises can be sung ____ or clean.* creaky edgy dirty 52. Use the first ___ of each practice session for a breathing and appoggio, stretching, or posture exercise.* 10 minutes Few minutes 15 minutes 53. Place the ____ on the chin, with the thumb and index finger on either side of the corners of the mouth to prevent spreading. The other hand is on the ____ with the thumb to the back to monitor expansion.* palm, waist tongue, abdomen hand, tummy 54. If the sound is breathy or raspy, there is an ___ between the air pressure and the vocal folds.* imbalance relationship problem CommentsThis field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Δ YOU can Sing Like a Star Table of Contents